Diet for diabetes: a menu for a week, what you can and cannot do

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic endocrine pathology in which metabolic disturbances occur due to deficiency or improper action of the hormone insulin.

Insulin-dependent (type 1) and non-insulin-dependent diabetes (type 2) are distinguished.

In the first case, patients must inject insulin preparations by injection, since the hormone is produced in their body in insufficient quantities or is completely absent.

In the second type, the interaction of insulin with cells is disrupted.

Despite the various mechanisms of development of pathology, the main role in its therapy is assigned to dietary nutrition.

Features of the diet for diabetics

In the past, a food inhibition system was the only way to prevent hyperglycemia, or high glucose levels. Now patients' diets have expanded significantly. Diabetics are advised to follow several important rules for effective blood sugar control. Is.

Patients should not starve or overeat. These conditions are dangerous for their health. You need to eat so that the amount of carbohydrates consumed is evenly distributed throughout the day.

General Diet Requirements:

• fractional nutrition (at least 6 times a day);
• Calculation of consumed carbohydrates;
• limiting animal fats;
• introduction of plant foods into the diet;
• preference for boiled food, boiled in the oven;
• avoiding foods that increase the carbohydrate load, or limit them;
• balanced diet;
• replacing sugar with substitutes;
• consumption of coarse fiber foods;
• compliance with the drinking regime;
• reducing salt intake;
• Elimination of alcohol

You can diversify your diet by buying utensils that allow you to cook without oil.

In order for carbohydrates to be absorbed more slowly and not to provoke a surge in blood sugar, it is advisable to adhere to the following recommendations:

1. Eat food that is coarse or grainy, such as crunchy cereals instead of mashed or steamed cereals.
2. Food should not be hot because temperature affects the absorption of glucose.
3. The fiber in foods inhibits the absorption of simple carbohydrates and helps remove cholesterol.
4. Simple carbohydrates are best consumed after a main meal.

The menu may include foods that contain simple carbohydrates with fiber, such as fruits and berries. Glucose absorption is slowed down when consumed with protein (protein cream) or fat. However, do not forget that "Slow "carbohydrates" are also absorbed into the bloodstream, leading to increased sugar cravings.

Nutritional differences in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Since the causes of increased blood glucose in the first and second types of the disease are different, there are several approaches to the diet of patients. For insulin-dependent patients, nutrition is more varied. Since they are more often this disease at a younger age. suffer from pathologies, so the diet includes high-calorie foods. When compiling the diet, the grain units consumed are taken into account.

The main function of nutrition in type 2 diabetes is weight loss. In this case, the menu is calculated according to the caloric content of the products. The patient's diet is more rigid. They are given sugar, fatty foods and foods that increase cholesterol. Not allowed.

bread unit

The concept of "bread unit" (XE) was introduced taking into account the quantitative composition of carbohydrates. 1 For XE, this is considered to be 25 grams of bread or 12 grams of sugar (carbohydrates). Short administered to diabeticsA diagram of bread units is required for the calculation of insulin.

1 XE requires 2-4 units. Insulin. The individual need for additional administration of insulin according to XE is determined using a self-control diary, which must be kept by the patient.

In one meal, a diabetic patient should eat no more than 7 XE. The main carbohydrate load is in the first half of the day.

In order not to constantly calculate bread units by weight of products, we made a table of products taking into account their energy value.

what is the glycemic index of foods

The glycemic index (GI) is an indicator that indicates how much the use of a particular product can raise blood sugar compared to taking in glucose.

High GI foods (70 or more):

• honey,
• glucose;
• Sugar;
• mashed potatoes;
• sweet soda;
• Dessert - corn sticks, puffed rice.

Average GI (56-69):

• Melon;
• banana;
• Porridge;
• black bread.

The lowest GI is:

• milk products;
• Milk;
• Fruit;
• Peas, beans, lentils, and other legumes.

The rate of absorption is affected by cooking, food integrity and temperature.

In diabetes mellitus, only medium and low GI foods are allowed.

List of allowed and prohibited products

The principles of the diet for diabetics with different types of diseases differ. However, there are dishes that endocrinologists do not recommend eating.

The list of prohibited foods includes:

• fried potatoes, fries, chips;
• sweet fruits - grapes;
• fatty meat;
• smoked meat;
• food canned in oil;
• Pat;
• sweet curd, curd mass;
• sweet yogurt;
• fake butter;
• white bread and white flour pastries;
• juice from the store;
• leave;
• Liquor;
• sweets, chocolate;
• Jam;
• condensed milk;
• Fast Food.

Patients have to love these foods and drinks:

• Pure water;
• rose manure;
• vegetable juice;
• freshly squeezed juice from sweet and sour berries and fruits;
• unripe citrus fruits;
• frozen and fresh berries;
• low-fat dairy products without sugar;
• dietary meat - chicken, turkey, veal, rabbit meat;
• Cabbage;
• legumes;
• Mushrooms;
• Tomato;
• Eggplant;
• greens;
• asparagus;
• broccoli;
• Milk;
• Whole Foods Baked Goods;
• seafood;
• fish.

To reduce the starch content of vegetables and grains, it is recommended to soak them before cooking.

menu compilation rules

When compiling a menu, it is advisable to consider not only the carbohydrate load and calories of foods, but also the activity of the diabetic. Exercise lowers blood sugar levels. In type 1 diabetes, 1 XE for every hour of physical activityEating is recommended. This will prevent you from changing the dose of your bolus insulin.

With obesity, a dietitian helps to design a diet taking into account the energy content (calorie content) of foods and daily energy expenditure during physical activity. The calculations take into account the patient's gender, age and degree of obesity. It is allowed to arrange fasting days (with type 2 diabetes). However, fasting is contraindicated in such patients.

When preparing the menu, the general condition of diabetes is taken into account. Pregnant and lactating women, adolescents and debilitated patients require protein intake. If the patient has renal or hepatic impairment, ketoacidosis, then protein intakeintake is reduced.

Do not forget about other nutrients involved in metabolism: vitamins, zinc, copper, manganese. Due to the propensity of patients to pathologies of the cardiovascular system, the amount of salt in dishes is reduced.

sample menu for a week

Monday

• breakfast: buckwheat porridge, protein-bran bread with butter, tea;
• Breakfast: Cabbage salad with eggs;
• lunch: chicken soup, vegetable salad with herbs, white meat cutlets with green beans, compote, diabetic rye bread;
• Afternoon snack: Roti with curd;
• Dinner: steamed zrazy with fish, rye bread, vegetable salad;
• Breakfast: drink fermented milk.

Tuesday

• breakfast: oatmeal, buckwheat bread with butter, tea;
• breakfast: salad of parsley, onions and mushrooms;
• lunch: pea soup, baked chicken with vegetables, vegetable salad, cereal bread, drink;
• Afternoon snack: fermented baked milk with biscuits;
• dinner: stewed fish with vegetables, cereal bread, juice;
• Breakfast: Yogurt.

Wednesday

• breakfast: oatmeal "Artek", protein-bran bread with butter, coffee;
• Breakfast: celery, apple and carrot salad;
• Lunch: borscht, buckwheat porridge with a steam cutlet, sauerkraut salad, protein-bran bread, compote;
• Afternoon snack: cottage cheese with fruit;
• Dinner: large, protein-bran bread with sauerkraut and meat, juice;
• Snack: Baked apple.

Thursday

• breakfast: rye bread with eggs, butter, tea;
• Breakfast: cottage cheese with yogurt;
• lunch: green borscht, baked eggplant with meat, tomato salad with low-fat sour cream, rye bread, compote;
• Afternoon snack: curd pudding with tea;
• dinner: meat stew with vegetables, rye bread, drink;
• Snack: bread with kefir.

Friday

• breakfast: pearl barley porridge, buckwheat bread with butter, tea (chicory, coffee);
• Breakfast: fruit salad with yogurt;
• Lunch: fish soup, fish cutlets with vegetable garnish, salad of bell pepper and cucumber, cereal bread, sour drink;
• Afternoon snack: bread with milk;
• dinner: steam cutlets with milk sauce, oatmeal, buckwheat bread, lemonade;
• Breakfast: Fruits.

Saturday

• breakfast: omelet with veal, protein-bran bread with cottage cheese, tea;
• Breakfast: cottage cheese with berries;
• Lunch: mushroom soup, porridge with boiled (baked) meat, canned peas with onions and herbs, protein-bran bread, compote;
• Afternoon snack: oatmeal cookies with fermented baked milk;
• dinner: zucchini stuffed with meat, oatmeal, protein-bran bread, drink;
• Breakfast: fermented baked milk.

Sunday

• Breakfast: brown rice with minced meat and cabbage (cabbage rolls), rye bread with butter, tea;
• Breakfast: Bread with yogurt;
• lunch: soup with meatballs, omelet with chicken, salad of red cabbage, rye bread, drink;
• Afternoon snack: kefir with biscuits;
• dinner: fish cakes, baked potatoes, rye bread, drinks;
• Breakfast: Biscuit with milk.

The test menu is compiled by a nutritionist. In the future, the diabetics themselves supplement the diet taking into account the recommendations of the doctor.

ready meals for diabetics

In order to eat properly with diabetes mellitus, you have to spend a lot of time and effort. Most of the diabetics do not have enough time to make menu properly and prepare food, so now I will tell you about Cryodyta company. Which helps make life easier for people with diabetes.

Cryodata is a delivery service of ready and tasty food not only for diabetics, but also for those who want to lose weight. The menu was prepared by competent experts - nutritionists and doctors.

Thanks to the use of a special technology "shock freezing", you just have to heat the food in the microwave or multicooker and make delicious food. At the same time, freezing preserves all the nutrients.

The main advantages of "Cryodiet":

• production of products in an ecologically clean area of the Novgorod region;
• delivery without delay in person;
• variety of food;
• Shock freezing (keeps food without preservatives);
• More affordable price than competitors.

examples of dishes

Ready-made meal delivery service for diabetics operates in large cities, so if you want to eat a healthy diet and not spend much time on it, order a weekly menu on the official website.

sugar substitutes

So that patients do not lack sweets, sweeteners can be added to dishes. They are divided into three groups:

1. Carbohydrates - fructose, sorbose, xylitol, sorbitol, molasses.
2. Protein sweeteners - Miraculous, Monelin.
3. Synthetic - aspartame, sodium cyclamate.

Endocrinologists recommend using the natural sweetener stevia. Its leaves contain a complex of glycosides, which are 200 times sweeter than sugar. The sweetener is beneficial for obesity, high cholesterol and high blood sugar. To normalize metabolism. Due to its ability to detoxify, stevia helps restore the antitoxic function of the liver.

Plant glycosides stimulate immunity, reduce sugar levels, and have beneficial effects on the digestive and endocrine systems. Stevia-rich drinks correct cravings for sugary and fatty foods and help you get rid of extra pounds. We do.

High blood sugar is not a death sentence for patients if you learn to make a diet and use healthy sweets instead of sugar. Also, do not forget about the mandatory consultation with an endocrinologist.